Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay

Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay A person can have many distinctive qualities, leadership is among those qualities, not everyone possess such quality, which made this quality special and extraordinary. In the field of business, a decision often comes down to success and failure, leadership is one of the most important quality for a managerial person to have. As Thomas J. Watson, Jr. had put it: I believe the real difference between success and failure in a corporation can be very often traced to the question of how well the organization brings out the great energies and talents of its people. Leaders that can bring positive or beneficial effect to a group or enterprise are consider as a transformational leader, they are energetic, passionate, not only they focus on the systems and the structure of a business, they also focus on the individual employee to do well and to be successful as well. According to Cox (2001), leadership is divided into two categories: transactional leadership and transformational leadership. The distinction between the two, according to James McGregor Burns work on political leader (1978), are those ones who uses the policy of rewards to motive and earn his/her employees efficiency and loyalty, is called transactional leader; and those ones who gets involve with his/her employee, also possess determination and committed towards success as well as motivates its employees in exchange for their high performance, also their loyalty. However, in this ever changing world, business leaders needs improve his/her skill and ability in order to coordinate wit h the change. In this particular essay, the main focus will be on the transformational leadership and some of the arguments and criticisms against it, as well as some counter arguments in favor of the transformational leadership; along with supporting explanations, facts and various examples. Arguments against Transformational Leadership Theory: Study results shows that Transformational Leadership have its positive effect on organizations, improve its work productivity, performance and as well as the creativities, according to Bass and Avolio (1994), it can be found in every aspect of an enterprise, because sometimes transformational leaders are the type of leaders needed for an company to survive, according to Burn (1978): recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential followerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower. A transformational leader in an organization often break through its frame of organization culture and thrive, which made transformational leadership one of the most renewed and popular leadership theory in modern days, nevertheless, its resplendency is not without oppugns. There are many criticisms against the theory of transformational leadership, one of the criticism is transformational theory is very difficult to be trained or taught, because its components are too comprehensive; on the other hands, one of the argument against transformational leadership is that followers might be manipulated by leaders and there are chances that what they gain is so little compare to what they lost. Among them all, one of the important key criticisms against transformational theory is accusing it to be only for the selected individuals, which may lead to abusing of power. As Colonel Mark .A Homig (2001) have stated that: Transformational leadership is a double edged sword. Which means that, when a transformational leader over done his part in terms of leadership, his/her innate defect in personality or even later life experience can turn him/her into another type transformational leadership, the one on the opposite side-Pseudo transformation leadership. According t o Mark. A. Homig: has a potential immoral and unethical dimension that could be exploited by an unscrupulous leader inflicted on naive and unsuspecting followers. For example, Adolf Hitler was elected as the leader of Germany, he came into power during Germanys economic inflation and depression in 1920s, he did pull Germany out of its economic depression, however, after first couple of years honeymoon between him and the country, his follower later become so obsessed with him and followed him blindly into his conquest for his so called Lebensraum for Germany, which brought one of the worst disaster to Europe. Other example is Shoko Asahara, founder and leader of Aum Shinrikyo, also known as Aleph, a Japanese cult that is responsible for the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995. The second key argument against transformational leadership is the un-clarity of its definition and components, since the definitions of the four components (Inspirational, Intellectual, Idealized, and Individualized) associated with transformational leadership are overlapping each other. According to Brayman (1992), the transformational leadership looks more suited to be a set of personality characteristics rather than special requirements. There are other various arguments against transformational leadership as well, like the ones associated with ethics, according to Avolio and Howell (1992), qualities that makes a great leader can lead to unethical act, as the first key point in this section stated, such leader can make his/her follower to make unethical decisions and even commit crimes as well, according to Yukl.G. (1998). One example for this case is Hitler. Within this essay, the focus will be on the above arguments, in the following section, and in-depth analysis will be done. Supports for the Transformational Leadership theory: Two of the key arguments against transformational leadership theory primarily focus on the un-clarity of its concepts, and accusing it to be misleading. However, if we take a closer look at the details and examine the core components of the transformational leadership theory, one can easily notices the arguments against transformational leadership is losing its roots. Based on Benard. M, Bass (2006)s book on Transformational leadership, the qualification of transformational leaders are those who has great personality qualities and the ability to influence others in exchange for their loyalty, it focuses on the processes between the leader and followers. Therefore, those who uses negative examples of transformational leadership such as Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini to fault the transformational leadership theorys core concept is false, because idea or the overall construction of the theory of the transformational leadership is solid, and does not varies when people interpolate it dif ferently. Arguments such as the requirements for transformational leadership are sets of personality traits, and it cannot be taught or learn, Oscar Arias have stated: More than knowledge, leaders need character. Values and ethics are vitally important. The basics of leadership can be taught. What is desperately needed is more responsible leadership a new ethic to confront the challenges of our day. Based on an interview and commentary essay done by Jonathan P. Doh (, many educators believes that transformational leadership can be taught, in fact all types of leadership can be taught and learned. Here are some of the quoted interviews from that report: Jay Conger (Professor of Organizational Behavior at the London Business School and Senior Research Scientist, Center for Organizations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles) have :Yes, most definitely. Here work experiences, bosses, special projects, and role models, education all play a role in leadership development. Using an analogy with sports, not everyone can become an outstanding player despite coaching, yet most will benefit and improve their game. A few will go on to become stars or outstanding leaders given coaching, extensive experiences, and personal drive. Also from Kim S. Cameron (Professor of Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management at the University of Michigan Business School.) said that: Some people have an inclination to learn some competencies faster or better than others, of course, and some people reflect more charismatic or likable characteristics than others. But many great leaders are not those that appear on the covers of Time and Fortune. They have learned to achieve spectacular results in their own circumstances. Think of parents. Can people learn to become better parents, or are we just born either competent or not? Everyone would agree that effective parenting can be learned and improved. So can effective leadership. Leadership can also be taught, according to Jay Conger, Kim Cameron, and Steve Stumpf (cited in Jonathan P. Dohs interview essay), have all agreed that leadership can be taught, but only to a certain extent. The reason behind this is the three dimensions of leadership: skills, perspectives and dispositions. Just like in school, everything can be taught to students, but there are always some students do better than others, in terms of adapting knowledge, and the ability of applying the knowledge that they have learned. Skills can be taught, and perspectives can be trained, however, dispositions such as ambitions, mental capacity, etc.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.is difficult to teach. Bottom line is, leadership can be taught and learned through education and training. There are a lot of examples of leaders that proved valuable to a company, just to name of few in this essay. Steve Jobs is one of the perfect example, he was fired from apple and later came back, and turned Apple into one of the most profitable technology company in the world. Another example is Gordon Bethune, CEO of Continental Airlines (merged with United in 2010), and he joined Continental Airlines during its bankruptcy, during that time, company was losing $55 million dollars per month, he, however, not only eliminated the debt they had at that not, but also increased Continental Airlines stock price from $2 a share to $50 a share. Conclusion: In conclusion, Transformational leadership theory have proved its value throughout the modern days, even if there are some criticisms, it still not enough to effect the core concept of transformational leadership theory. Counter arguments in support for the transformational leadership theory, have proved its aptitude in work performance, quality and earn their loyalty. Key arguments have been vindicated in this essay, even though, motive of a leader sometimes is questionable, but this does not change the core construction of the theory; transformational leadership theory or any leadership theory can be learned or taught, only difference is how well one can adapt and apply the knowledge of leadership. Transformational leadership is surely one of the most popular theory, and most likely will become the resolution for todays organization, as todays enterprises facing many tough challenges such as creativity, sustainability, and uniqueness.

Mussolini’s Childhood Influences Essay

Four factors stand out in the early formation of Mussolini’s character. These are the influence of his native land Romagna which was characterized by restlessness and rebellion; his father’s ideologies, an ardent socialist, a convinced revolutionary, an atheist and a blacksmith; his middle class heritage and the influences of his mother who was a devout gentle Catholic; and the poverty of individuals that surrounded him (Fermi, 1966). These factors influenced the life of Mussolini to a greater degree, shaping what he was to become in future. Mussolini’s father was an important influence in his life as he went with him to political meetings while Mussolini was still a young boy. His father was committed to socialism even though he lacked in formal education. His father was often considered dangerous by the local authorities and was thrown to jail in several occasions owing to his political beliefs. Mussolini’s life came to resemble that of his father to a great extent as he came to adopt the same kind of radicalism that his father exhibited. However, there are other personal attributes and events that also had a significant influence upon his life. From the moment that he was taken to school, Mussolini had numerous experiences that played a large role in shaping his life. It is these factors that form the subject of this paper. Before looking at how the mentioned influences manifested in Mussolini’s later life, it is important to dedicate some portion of this paper in looking at his life from his childhood through to adulthood. Not many people liked Mussolini when he was a young boy because of his violent behavior. His family was also not well off, a factor that made his life in school to be difficult. These two aspects of Mussolini’s; childhood life, poverty and violence, made him to be secluded from other pupils. He was hated by both his fellow pupils and teachers in school. He was often teased by his fellow students because they saw him as a poor boy. His violent nature might have come as a reaction to the way he was being treated by his fellow pupils and teachers. He could be reminded everyday that he was not as good as other pupils. In one occasion when another boy came to insult him, he told himself that he was not going to stomach the insults anymore. He reminded himself that he was no longer going to be a helpless victim. He got a knife from his pocket and stabbed the boy in the hand. These instances of violence point to the fact that Mussolini was developing a rebellious attitude towards the society which manifested later in his writings as a journalist. Mussolini was often involved in fights and even bullied other pupils. This behavior led him to be suspended in numerous occasions. It is at this stage that indications about his character begun to emerge. In reaction to the incident where he stabbed another student, one of the teachers told him that his soul was as black as soot, a remark which time came to confirm. The incident where he stabbed a fellow student had a profound effect in his life. Even though he was punished for stabbing the boy, Mussolini never forgot the experience which also came to influence the way he handled situations as an adult. One of the lessons he learned from the experience was that he had to stand for himself. In other words, he had to fight against all odds. Throughout Mussolini’s life, there is evidence that he was willing to fight for anything, going to the extent of embracing violence as the only way through which any remarkable change can be realized (Ridley, 1998). Mussolini did not seek the approval from anyone. He believed that others were bound to say he was wrong even if he was right. As he grew up, Mussolini scribbled upon his mind the justification of violence and fighting as a means to success. These were lessons that he came to employ for the rest of his life. This willingness to fight for anything that he wanted helped him achieve various things. Later in life, he was to become Italy’s dictator. He also came to be one of the most powerful personalities in the world through his radicalism and sometimes violence. Through these lessons that he learned, he also hurt many innocent victims. With the growth of his power came the growth of the number of individuals being harmed by him. Finally, as stated by one of his teachers, his soul grew as black as soot and much of the world came to curse him because of his lack of compassion. Environmental influence One of the most important influences that shaped the character and behavior of Mussolini was the village he was born. Its social, political and economic conditions influenced Mussolini’s perception of life. Mussolini was born on twenty ninth July, 1883 in Varano di Costa, a small Northern Italian village situated in the district of Predappio. The most important industry was agriculture. During the time of his birth, Italy was still at its infancy. The Italian peninsular had been fragmented into many small kingdoms and city-states for centuries. Some areas of the peninsular were under the control of foreign kings and Roman Catholic pope. As such, the region was not being controlled by a single leader. However, the city-states united during the mid-nineteenth century, driving out the foreign rulers and taking over the territories controlled by the pope. A unified kingdom was born in 1861. Industrial revolution also brought about remarkable changes in Italy. Not far from the town that Mussolini was born, large factories begun to be established. With the opening of these factories, many peasants who in most cases worked for low wages for rich land owners abandoned their difficult labor and took jobs in the factories. However, many individuals begun to advocate for more rights and among them were Mussolini’s parents. Mussolini’s father was a blacksmith while his mother was a schoolteacher. Alessandro Mussolini and Rosa Maltoni were not rich individuals even though they were considerably respected in their community. Alessandro took an active role in the local politics. He was a socialist who never failed to express his controversial views. The general belief among the Italian socialists like Benito’s father was that the control of the manufacture of goods was to be in the hands of the government. As such, they held that the government should own the factories where goods were being manufactured. They also held the view that the society should be under the workers and not the wealthy company owners. Again, they wanted better working conditions. Alessandro named his son after three socialist heroes: a Mexican revolutionary called Benito Juarez, Amilcare Cipriani who facilitated the unity of Rome with the rest of Italy and Andrea Costa who took an active role in organizing socialist riots and strikes in the later parts of the nineteenth century. Mussolini’s father served in the local politics for quite some time but he often got into trouble due to his politics. He had an unstable temper which showed whenever he disagreed with someone. After the beginning of socialist riots in 1902, Mussolini’s father was arrested and jailed even though he never participated in it. Mussolini’s parents valued education and by the time he was nine, he was sent to a boarding school in a neighboring town. During school, students spent all their time in school. Since the school was a catholic school, there were very strict rules enforced by the catholic priests. His experience with the priests in this school made him to form a negative perception about them as evidenced by later works. Benito did not perform well either in character or in academics. He was a very intelligent but restless and unmotivated. He only put effort on those subjects that he found to be interesting to him and was more often than not involved with fights. By the time he was eleven years of age, he was expelled from school. After his expulsion from the Catholic school, he was registered in a state school at Forlimpopoli. There were no priests in this school and some of Mussolini’s classmates were sons of teachers. As such, he was more comfortable in this school than he was at the Catholic school. However, he was still involved in fights, exhibiting his violent nature even in the new environment. His academic performance was better as compared to when he was still in the school run by the priests. He managed to pass the exams necessary for admission in college. He joined Collegio Giosue Carducci in Forlimpopoli where he studied agricultural sciences, mathematics and other disciplines. His favorite subjects were however arts. He performed well in literature and enjoyed music. He later discovered that he was talented in speech writing and giving. In 1901, he graduated with a diploma which enabled him to secure a place as a teacher in an elementary school. It was during his last year in college that he got his first public recognition. He was requested to make a public speech before his entire school about Verdi. Mussolini enjoyed lessons about the Roman Empire and admired it greatly. He frustrated his teachers due to his laziness and lack of discipline. He also frightened his peers. By the time he graduated, he had developed a strong personality and loathed his humble origin. He also became an instinctive socialist. His poor background made him to try and distance himself from poverty but the circumstances could not allow him to make any progress. Like many other graduates during the time, Mussolini found himself looking for work. He got employed as a schoolmaster in February 1902 in a small elementary school. He however developed problems from the first day as he despised textbooks. He felt that they made it hard for him to inspire his students. The townspeople thought that he interacted with the students excessively while others remarked that he spent much of his leisure time drinking and playing cards. Mussolini probably secured the job owing to the fact that the local socialist councilors were more impressed with his brand of politics than that of the other candidates. He however regarded his employers lowly, seeing them as weak and flabby (Neville, 2004). Mussolini was too restless to find happiness being a provincial schoolmaster. As much as he did not earn enough money, Mussolini did not stay away from playing cards and getting involved in political discussions. He got into serious trouble when he begun dating a married woman. The relationship was marked with problems which at times led to violence. Mussolini had established the behavior of bullying and abusing women early in his childhood. In one instance during an argument, Mussolini picked a knife and stabbed the woman in the arm. He was told by the administrators that he would not be hired again due to his conduct. In March 1902, Mussolini was elected by the local teachers’ association, marking the beginning of his politics. He was elected to represent the members at an educational congress. He managed to impress with his flexibility despite his wild and aggressive behavior. This covered for his moral and intellectual weakness. He was not satisfied with his success Mussolini was eighteen years old by the beginning of the 1902 summer. By the standards of the time, he was well educated, smart and was fluent in speech. He had an interest in politics and poetry and generally loved having a good time. However, Mussolini was never satisfied and was constantly restless. He was not certain of what he wanted to do with his future as there were scarce opportunities for people of his age and academic achievement in the rural parts of Italy. Many individuals shared inn this feeling. More than a million Italians emigrated between the years 1896 and 1914 with the majority seeking better opportunities in the United States of America. However, Mussolini opted to go northwards to Switzerland where he managed to further his education. The Italian law required that whenever an individual reached the age of nineteen, he was to be conscripted in the army. Mussolini might have avoided the draft by moving to Switzerland. He was also seeking for adventure. He also could not avoid leaving Gualtieri since he had been involved in a violent conflict with the local mayor which had also forced him to live the school. Mussolini’s move to Switzerland marked an important moment in his life. He did not change his mind about leaving even when he was informed of his father’s arrest as he waited for a train for Switzerland. His mother had given him some money to survive on but the money was soon spent living Mussolini broke. He was forced to perform hard and physical jobs which he did not like. He also took some other odd jobs and at times begged and slept on park benches when he did not have any money. He eventually realized that he could earn some money writing. He wrote for a socialist newspaper but often found himself on the wrong side of the law owing to his socialist views and his poverty. In numerous instances, he was arrested, thrown in jail and banned from one town to another. He however depended on his writing entirely. The contents of his writing were radical in the sense that it criticized the existing society and advocated for change. He constantly urged for the kings to be overthrown. He also criticized the Catholic Church as he believed that the priests and the bishops obstructed reform and justice. Mussolini’s radicalism and anti-clericalism were as a result of his early life and experiences.

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My Nursing Experience - 1326 Words

My Nursing Career Queen Mumuney American Sentinel University My Nursing Career American Nurse Association describes nursing as the protection, promotion and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through diagnosis and treatment of human response and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities and population (www.ana.org). Nursing is not a field for everyone. A good nurse must have ninety-five percent if not all of the following characteristic: sound knowledge and training, observant, patience, time management, people skills , documentation skills, critical thinking, empathy, detailed oriented, kind and firm, good judgment, multi task, physically†¦show more content†¦An accountant can leave work and decide to work from home. This is not the case with nurses. If a nurse does not have a replacement, by law she cannot leave because it is considered abandonment (Maryland Board Of Nursing, August 1993). Work place violence is the most complex and dangerous occupational hazard facing nu rses (Jacobson, February2007). I have witness several of the staff being assaulted by a patient which have led to permanent injury to the staff. It is very frustrating to seeing dedicated staff being assaulted. This also leads to shortage on the units. Injuries are another issue in nursing. A lot of nurses have developed back pain or injury due to the nature of their work. General facts regarding back injuries in the nursing workplace include the following (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2011): o In the year 2000, over 10,000 registered nurses lost work time due to injuries sustained while manually lifting patients in the workplace o Direct and indirect annual costs associated with back injuries in the healthcare industry are estimated to be $20 billion o Overall, healthcare workers experience more musculoskeletal disorders (including back injury) than workers in construction, mining, or manufacturing. Despite all the limitations and frustration, my strong will has an individual to ensure quality patient care has prompted me as an individual to further my education toShow MoreRelatedMy Nursing Experience749 Words   |  3 PagesI have had many life experiences that have influenced my interest in becoming a nurse. My father is a family physician in the semi-rural area where I grew up. As I became old enough to participate, I had chances to assist my dad in minor procedures and clerical office management. I have also assisted my father outside of the office in helping to stitch up siblings and other family members after minor accidents occurred. I knew early on that one of my desires and strengths would be to challenge myselfRead MoreMy Experience As A Nursing1274 Words   |  6 Pagesgetting as much attention as that of nursing informatics and the technical skills of nursing; and that is the caring aspect of nursing and caring for the patient. When providing care to a patient popu lation, the nursing professional is not just a tool used to get them from one point to another; yet, they are a fundamental aspect for reshaping the ideology of the patient through education, shared positive experiences and true hands on care (Marks, 2013). Nursing education is to be holistic; which isRead MoreMy Personal Experience Of The Nursing Experience In Nursing1511 Words   |  7 PagesHaving worked as a CNA under the supervision of a nurse for six years in a nursing home, I thought I was well prepared to become a great nurse. I did not know that other than learning sciences and medical procedures there was still more required of me to be a great nurse. At the commencement of the semester, I signed up for the HPR class as a prerequisite for the nursing program. However, I had no clue of what I was expected to learn on the subject. In the last few months, I have learned a lot inRead MoreMy Experience At A Nursing Home2652 Words   |  11 Pagesduring the first week when I s tarted working at a nursing home, as a receptionist, we received an inspection from The Agency For Health Care Administration (AHCA), but at that time, I did not know how important these people were nor did I understand the meaning of them being there. Up until that moment, no one had told me that I was not allowed to screen telephone calls when AHCA was inside the building. I specifically remember that the director of nursing called me from her office and, in a very aggressiveRead MoreMy Personal Experience : My Experience In Nursing School1068 Words   |  5 Pagesreally can not understand how we made it through that time in our life. My hardest time would have been the period when I was in nursing school for me. So let us start from the beginning so you may have the view that I had, not so many years ago.      Ã‚   In 2013 I was attending Walter State in the pre-nursing program, upon applying for the nursing program there I was told that they did not believe it was a good idea I attended nursing school at this time due to having 4 children at home and living 1.5 hoursRead MoreMy Experience At The Nursing Home1742 Words   |  7 PagesI opened my eyes after a long, energizing slumber. At first, I dreaded the upcoming school day, but I soon realized that it was Saturday. The scent of pancakes and bacon was wafting up the stairs, my family’s normal Saturday routine. I climbed out of bed and got dressed in preparation for visiting my grandmother, another weekend tradition. I stumbled quickly down the stairs, shoveled pancakes and bacon into my mouth, and ran upstairs to apply my heavy coat of teenage make-up. I turned my head andRead MoreMy Clinical Experience As A Nursing Student1595 Words   |  7 PagesNursing students face many challenges due to their narrow scope of prac tice, and lack of experience and knowledge. This changes with the development and learning of values and beliefs, which shape the decision making in the nursing process. During my clinical nursing practice experience as a new nursing student, I have had amazing learning opportunities as well as situations that made me feel uncomfortable, powerless, and dependent on the assigned nurse. In this paper I will talk about one of myRead More My Experiences in a Nursing Career Essay678 Words   |  3 Pages Nursing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nursing is an art: and if it is to be made an art, It requires an exclusive devotion as hard a preparation, as any painter ´s or sculptor ´s work; for what is the having to do with dead canvas or dead marble, compared with having to do with the living body, the temple of God ´s spirit? It is one of the Fine Arts: I had almost said, the finest of Fine Arts.† Spoken by a true nurse, Florence Nightingale; a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IRead MoreMy Life and My Experiences have Led Me to My Career in Nursing547 Words   |  3 Pagesreach. As we grow and go through life experiences, both good and bad, we as humans always seem to take some form of realization or some truth from each experience. The difference amongst all of us is whether or not we take these truths and make something of them. Becoming a nurse isn’t a career choice I was pushed into making. I have desired to be a nurse for as long as I could remember. My perception of nursing and my desire to become a nurse directly comes from my passion to help people. I want toRead MorePersonal Experience: Getting My Nursing Certificate768 Words   |  3 Pagesdepending on the situation. My strengths are that I am fluent in English and Spanish. I am great at Math and I work well with everybody. My weakness is that I will get frustrated when I try something many times and I don’t achieve it. Also my other weakness is that I will tr ust people easily and then end up getting disappointed sometimes with certain people. I am comfortable with change but not changes that are not so drastic because I’ve had many change in my life. My whole first grade I moved schools

The Global Threat As A Global Movement Of Iraq And Syria /...

There is a radical emergent militant Islamic revolution manifesting in different forms around the globe. Why is this phenomenon occurring and what are the best options available for the operational artist to counter it where it occurs? This paper examines the global jihadist threat as currently manifesting itself through groups such as Al Qaeda and Islamic State of Iraq and Syria/Levant (ISIS/ISIL). There are several arguments furthered by this paper building on the works of other scholars and analysts. Primarily that the current jihadists threat is actually a global revolutionary movement against the established world order following Mao’s three phases of protracted war. Second, that the fractures within the jihadist movement constitute an internal nascent civil war presenting seams that can be exploited. Third, that to exploit the seams presented a global coalition is required to maximize capabilities and minimize hurdles within the global system to address the transnational threat. The working hypothesis is that there is a global insurgency consisting of currently disparate and dispersed radical militant Islamic groups that has not yet coalesced into a coherent whole. The path of humanity is a continuum. Historical events at once inform as well as shape current and future events. Only through analysis of past and current variables can comprehensive understanding inform the future. The focus of this paper is on the jihadist threat, but this threat does not operate orShow MoreRelatedMy Country Assessment Of Syria1461 Words   |  6 PagesMy country assessment of Syria contains much of the recent history, but I believe to truly understand what is happening today, we must understand how historically Syrian politics, geopolitical regional experiences and culture has come into play in the world understanding of a proud, but fractured Country. In this assessment I will tackle modern history, political and insurgent threats to the region and to the United States foreign missions as well as short and long term analysis on the directionRead MoreDomestic Terrorism And International Terrorism1939 Words   |  8 Pagesterrorist/animal rights extremist, and more currently the â€Å"Sovereign Citizen† extremist movement. These three groups of domestic terrorist will be further examined later in this paper. International Terrorism is categorized by the FBI as occurring primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, and/or transcends national borders, but is carried out by an international terrorist group. The greatest threat to national security is international terrorism, because these groups are becomingRead MoreThe Intelligence Reform And Terrorism Prevention2210 Words   |  9 PagesSeptember 11, 2001, since the attack of September 11; we have undertook two wars, one in Iraq and the other in Afghanistan and also established some very important intelligence organizations, namely the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and have done many other things to fight the war against al-Qaeda and any other form of terrorist, but we have yet eliminated the threat of terrorism which might never do. Al Qaeda, which stand for (â€Å"the base†) is a multi-layered

The Forbidden Game The Chase Chapter 12 Free Essays

Zach was asleep when he first felt the creeping around his legs. Or half asleep, anyway-he hadn’t really slept for days now. He hadn’t dreamed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now His daytime thoughts went on going even when he lay there with his eyes shut for hours. He’d wondered what happened to you when you didn’t dream for days. Hallucinations while you were walking around? Tonight, though, he was definitely drifting when he felt the touch on his ankle. A smooth, rubbery feeling. For a moment he was paralyzed, and a moment was all it took. The rubbery feeling wound its way up his leg, his stomach, his chest. It tightened like a living rope, cutting off his breathing. Zach’s eyes flew open, and he saw clearly the head of the snake staring into his face. Its eyes were two dots of shining light; its mouth was open so wide it looked as if its jaw were dislocated. As if it were going to eat him. Out of that gaping mouth came an endless menacing hisssssssss†¦. Unable to move, Zach stared up at the swaying shape. Then, somehow, his perspective changed. His eyes ached from staring, but he couldn’t see the snake’s head anymore. The two dots of light looked more like two of the glow-in-the-dark stars he’d stuck on his ceiling when he was eight-he’d scraped most of them off when his father yelled, but a few remained. He couldn’t hear the hiss now, either. Only the shhshhshhshh of the air-conditioning. His arms and legs were tangled up in the bedclothes. God, he thought, and kicked the sheet and blanket off. He got up and turned on the light. Now he knew what happened when you went for days without dreaming. Of course there was no snake in his bed. The last thing he wanted to do was lie down again, though. Might as well go out to the garage. Even if he couldn’t work, it might take his mind off things. When he got to the garage, the snake was waiting for him. It wasn’t like a real snake. It was a surrealist painter’s idea of a snake-swirls of darkness that bunched and surged in a snakelike motion. Blue-white light connecting murky segments of body. A sort of combination between a snake and a lightning bolt in a storm. It came toward him with the blind hunching of a tomato worm. It was at least ten feet long. If I could get it over into the corner, Zach thought, his mind cold and clear †¦ He glanced at the corner of the garage where his 6Ãâ€"6 SLR stood on a tripod. If he could get it over there, he was almost sure he could get a picture of it. He wasn’t stupid. He saw the danger he was in. But the idea of photographing this thing-seeing what it would look like on film-drove every other thought out of his mind. It was the first time he’d cared about getting a picture since the day of the Game. All at once his artist’s block disappeared, his creativity came rushing back. This was real unreality. It might be unsafe, but it was strangely beautiful, too. It was Art. He was desperate to capture it. Try the 35 millimeter first, his mind told him. It’s closer. Eyes fixed on the wonderfully artistic monster, he reached for the camera on the desk. The clock in Dee’s jeep said 5:45. More than an hour later than it had been in Jenny’s dream of Michael’s room. â€Å"Oh, God, we’re going to be too late,† she whispered. And it was her fault. She hadn’t woken up in time. Even with Julian’s warning, she hadn’t woken up in time. â€Å"Hurry up, Dee! Hurry!† Trees were silhouetted against a flamingo dawn when they reached Zach’s house. â€Å"Let’s go through the garage,† Tom said as they all jumped out of the jeep. â€Å"Last time I was here, the door was unlocked.† Zach wouldn’t be so stupid tonight, Jenny thought, but there was no time to argue. She was following the others at a run to the side door of the garage. The door opened under Tom’s hand, and they all burst inside. The garage light was on. There was a sharp, strange smell to the air. A dark circle of soot on the floor. In its center was a paper doll with gray eyes. â€Å"I was too late,† Jenny said stupidly, looking down at the paper-doll Zach she was holding. It stared back at her, the fine lines of its face shaded by Zach’s artist’s hand. The penciled eyes seemed vaguely surprised. Dee was rubbing the soot between her fingers. Tom was standing in front of the corner where Zach’s camera and a tungsten floodlamp lay knocked over. â€Å"There was a fight,† he said. Michael just licked his lips and shivered. â€Å"His parents must not have heard anything,† Jenny said slowly, after a moment. â€Å"Or they’d be down here. So we’d better write them a note-from Zach, saying that he’s gone to school already.† Michael’s voice was subdued. â€Å"You’re crazy. We can’t keep this up. Eventually some of your parents are going to talk to each other-â€Å" â€Å"What good is it going to do my aunt and uncle to know Zach’s gone? What can they do?† â€Å"Put us in orange coveralls,† Dee said from the floor. â€Å"Too many disappearances,† she added succinctly. â€Å"If we lose any more friends, we’re going to jail. Now, come on, stop talking, and let’s get out of here.† Jenny crept into the house and wrote the note before they left. Back in the car Tom said, â€Å"I don’t see how we can go to school ourselves. Not and stick together.† â€Å"Then we’ll have to take the day off,† Dee said. â€Å"Gosh, too bad.† Michael looked at her balefully from the front passenger seat. â€Å"You’re enjoying this, aren’t you?† She gave him a distinctly uncivilized smile. â€Å"We’ve got to figure out where the base is,† Jenny was saying in the back seat. She’d controlled herself very well this time, she thought: no screaming or crying even when she saw the paper doll of Zach. But the rasping feeling of guilt was still with her. â€Å"I haven’t been very good at figuring out the clues so far,† she said, keeping her voice level so the others wouldn’t think she was drowning in self-pity. â€Å"Because Julian wants it that way,† Dee said. Jenny had told them about the dream-leaving out the kiss-on the drive to Zach’s house. â€Å"He’s not playing this Game straight. We got the first clue in plenty of time, but it was too hard. The second clue was dead easy, but there wasn’t time to do anything about it.† â€Å"I should have woken up sooner,† Jenny said in a low voice. Beside her, Tom started to reach for her, and Jenny saw his face, all planes and shadows in the early morning light. Tom Locke even looked good at the crack of dawn; he woke up looking that way. Tom’s hand dropped back to his side. Jenny knew what it was without asking. She was sitting on his right in the car, and her left hand, with the ring, was in between them. She looked out the window fiercely and pretended she didn’t mind. â€Å"You know, there’s one reason I did want to go to school today,† she said. â€Å"To try and find out about Eric-the guy Audrey was with. See if he’s okay.† â€Å"I could probably call his house and ask. I know him a little,† Tom said, to show he was still talking to her, even if he wouldn’t touch her. Oh, we’re terribly courteous, Jenny thought. For all the good that does. â€Å"We can call from the apartment,† Michael said. â€Å"We should probably get some food first.† â€Å"No, I tell you what let’s do,† Dee said, her voice excited. â€Å"Ixt’s go see Aba.† â€Å"This early?† â€Å"Not everybody sleeps like you, Mikey. Besides, she’ll give us breakfast.† In the back seat Jenny leaned forward. A heavy weight seemed to have lifted from her chest, at least for the moment. â€Å"You’re right,† she said to Dee. â€Å"Let’s go see Aba. Maybe she knows what we should do.† Aba lived in a house beside Dee’s mother’s house. The two buildings were on the same property, but Aba’s house had a distinctly different character. Dee and her friends always called it the Art Pavilion. One entire wing was devoted to Aba’s craft, centering around the studio where she did her sculpting. The large, airy room was all soaring asymmetrical walls and skylights. Aba was at work when the children came in, taking moist gray clay from a bowl and slapping it on a wire armature. â€Å"What’s it going to be?† Dee asked, coming up behind her. â€Å"Good morning,† Aba said firmly, and when they’d all said good morning, she said, â€Å"A bust ofNeetu Badhu, your mother’s manicurist. She has a very interesting face, and she’s due here at seven.† â€Å"Then we’d better hurry,† Dee said. â€Å"Is it okay if we use your phone? And get some breakfast?† â€Å"There are caramel rolls in the kitchen,† Aba said, â€Å"Get them-and then come back and tell me why you’re here.† While the others went to the kitchen, Tom got on the phone. â€Å"Eric’s okay,† he said when he hung up. â€Å"He was home from school today, but there’s nothing really wrong with him. The police are interested in talking with anybody who saw the attack, though-which means Audrey.† Michael stopped eating his roll. â€Å"Which means they might be trying to track her down,† he said. â€Å"Great.† â€Å"Don’t worry about it, Mikey,† Dee said comfortingly. â€Å"You’ll probably be next, so you won’t be here when our Great Deception comes crashing down.† â€Å"Dee,† Aba said, â€Å"have you been telling lies?† â€Å"Yup. Our whole life these last few days has been a tissue of fibs.† Aba shook her head and wiped her clay-smeared hands on her denim smock. â€Å"Now,† she said to the group, â€Å"tell me.† And they did. They told her the truth about what had been happening since they’d been released from the police station; how they’d been looking for the paper house, how they’d found it, what Julian had said to Jenny about the new Game. And what had happened to Zach and Audrey. Aba listened to it all, her beautiful old face grave and attentive. When seven o’clock came, she sent the manicurist away, covered the bust with a wet cloth, and kept listening. When they finished, she sat quietly for a moment. fenny half expected her to say something about how wrong it was to deceive their parents-Aba was an adult, after all. She half expected Aba to say that Dee couldn’t stay with the rest of them because it was too dangerous. And, although she didn’t expect it, she wished passionately that Aba would say, â€Å"Here’s the answer,† and solve all their problems for them. Aba did none of these things. Instead, after several minutes of quiet sitting, she said, â€Å"You know, last light I dreamed a Hausa story my mother used to tell me, It’s been a long, long time since I thought of that story. I wonder if I didn’t dream it for you.† â€Å"For us?† â€Å"Yes. Maybe I was meant to tell it to you.† She sat back and thought for a moment, then began, â€Å"The story is about a boy and a girl who were in love. But one day, as they were sitting on their mat together, Iblis came along and cut off the boy’s head and killed him.† â€Å"Iblis?† The name sounded vaguely familiar to Jenny. â€Å"Who’s that?† â€Å"Ms,† Aba said gravely, â€Å"is the prince of darkness, the prince of the aljunnu- â€Å" â€Å"The genies,† Dee said, her eyes flashing at Jenny. â€Å"Yes,† Aba said. â€Å"But in our folklore the aljunnu were not kind genies. They were powerful and evil pits, and Iblis was their leader. My mother never told me why he cut the boy’s head off-but then Iblis always liked to do evil and mischief; maybe he had to particular reason. In any case, Iblis killed the boy, and the girl could do nothing but sit on the mat and cry. After a while the boy’s parents came along, and when they saw what had happened, they began to cry, too. â€Å"Then Iblis came back. He waved his hand, and the ground rocked. In front of the boy there appeared a river of fire, a river of water, and a river of cobras. And Iblis turned to the boy’s mother and said, â€Å"If you would like to bring your son back to life, all you have to do is swim through the three rivers to get him.† â€Å"Yeah, right,† Michael muttered almost inaudibly. Aba smiled at him and went on. â€Å"But,† she said, â€Å"the boy’s mother was afraid. She turned to her husband, but he was just as frightened. â€Å"Then the girl jumped up. ‘I’ll do it,’ she said. Naturally, she was terribly afraid, but her love for the boy was stronger than her fear. Without another word the girl dived into the river of fire. The ire burned her, of course-my mother always said ‘the fire burned her like fire’-but she swam through it and leaped into the river of water. And the water choked her-like water-but the girl struggled through it and fell into the river of snakes. And the snakes struck at her-â€Å" â€Å"-like snakes-† Dee put in, grinning. â€Å"-but the girl managed to stumble through them, and the next thing she knew she had reached the boy. â€Å"As soon as she touched him, the boy’s head flew to his shoulders and he jumped up, alive and well. Iblis left, cursing, to do his mischief in some other part of the world. And I suppose the boy and the girl got married, although I don’t really remember what my mother said about that. â€Å"Well,† Aba said, looking around at them. â€Å"That’s the story as my mother told it to me. I don’t know what meaning it has for you-maybe none. But you’ve heard it now.† â€Å"Maybe it just means that love can be stronger than fear,† Jenny said softly. â€Å"Maybe it means you can’t trust your parents,† Michael said, absolutely deadpan, and Aba laughed. â€Å"I like Jenny’s interpretation better. But as I said, there may be no meaning. Or possibly it’s just a story about the relative powers of good and evil.† Jenny looked up quickly. â€Å"Do you believe in good and evil?† â€Å"Oh, yes. Very strongly. And I believe that evil sometimes has to be fought-personally. Hand to hand. If you care enough to do it.† Michael stirred. â€Å"You know what they say about kids our age. That we don’t care about right or wrong or anything. That we don’t even care about the future.† â€Å"Yeah, like the Baby Busters,† Dee said, grinning. â€Å"Naw, we’re too young even to be Baby Busters. We’re the Busted Babies.† Jenny spoke seriously. â€Å"It’s not true. We do care. You care, Michael, more than just about anybody I’ve ever known. You pretend you don’t, but you do. And that’s why Audrey loves-† She stopped because Michael was looking away, his sarcastic spaniel eyes filmed over. â€Å"We’re going to find Audrey,† she said, her own throat tight. â€Å"I know,† Michael said and rubbed at the bridge of his nose with his fingers. â€Å"I wish I could help,† Aba said. â€Å"But I’m an old woman. My fighting days are over.† â€Å"Well, mine aren’t,† Dee said, raising a slim arm to examine the hard muscle under velvet skin. â€Å"Mine are just starting.† Aba looked at her and smiled slightly. For years she and Dee had fought about Dee preferring kung fu to college and insisting that she didn’t want to do anything brainy like her mother or arty like her grandmother. But just then Jenny knew Aba was proud of her warrior granddaughter. â€Å"It’s our fight anyway,† Jenny said. â€Å"He wont let anyone else into the Game. The original players, he said.† â€Å"I think,† Aba said, looking directly at her, â€Å"that if anyone can find your friends, it will be you, Jenny.† Her eyes were very gentle and very sad; they reminded Jenny of pictures of Albert Einstein. At that moment Jenny thought that Aba really was more beautiful than Dee. â€Å"I’ll try,† Jenny said. As the old woman turned away, Jenny just caught the murmured words, â€Å"But I wonder what the cost will be.† Before they left, Aba let them raid the kitchen. They took cottage cheese and cold chicken breasts; cereal and microwave brownies and grapes and pippin apples. On the way back they stopped by Audrey’s house and picked up Audrey’s car. Michael’s living room was beginning to look like the aftermath of a very long party, Jenny thought as they walked into the apartment. The furniture had been pushed to the extreme edges of the room to make room for the mattresses and sleeping bags on the floor. The plaid couch was a nest of rumpled blankets. Empty Coke cans were scattered everywhere, and most flat surfaces were crowded with books or clothes or stacks of dirty dishes. â€Å"Okay,† Dee said, coming in from the kitchen with Michael. â€Å"Now what about that base?† She sat down on a footstool with a bowl of cottage cheese and chopped apple. â€Å"We don’t have enough information,† Jenny said. â€Å"He hasn’t told me enough.† Every time she said he, Tom walled up. There was no help for it, just as there was no help for the shining thing on her finger. It caught every glint of the spring sunlight coming in Michael’s front window, and she swore she could feel the words on the inside of the band. â€Å"I’ve been trying to think,† she said, â€Å"about abandoned buildings or things-places around here he might hold them. But that doesn’t seem right.† â€Å"In mysteries,† Michael said thoughtfully, â€Å"things are always hidden in the least likely place. Or the most obvious place-because you always think that’s the least likely. I guess it couldn’t be the paper house.† â€Å"It was trashed,† Jenny said. â€Å"I don’t think it would hold anything. Besides, how could we get in on our own? It was Julian who brought us in last time.† She knew, somehow, that Julian’s base wasn’t in the paper house. And she knew something else: Julian wouldn’t find the Game amusing unless there was a chance of them finding the base. He would put it somewhere they could get to-if they were smart enough to figure out where to look. â€Å"I guess the More Games store is too obvious,† Michael murmured. â€Å"Too obvious and gone,† said Jenny. â€Å"It’s just a mural now. No, Julian would put it somewhere clever.† â€Å"What is it, Tom?† Dee said. â€Å"You have an idea?† Tom was wearing the look he wore mostly these days-one of abstraction. Just now he also seemed disturbed. He got up and walked toward the kitchen, fingers in his back pockets. â€Å"If you think you know something †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Dee said, â€Å"No. Nothing.† Tom shook his head and sat back down. â€Å"Okay, let’s go back to the beginning,† Michael said. But it didn’t help. They talked uselessly through the morning and most of the afternoon, until an elderly woman came and rang the doorbell, demanding that Michael move Audrey’s car because it was in her parking space. Dee went down with him. Tom paced the hallway slowly while Jenny sat on the couch staring aimlessly out the window. They were stuck, no closer to figuring out where the base was than they had been two days ago. And she was tired. She let her eyelids shut, seeing the golden afternoon sunlight on her closed lids. Then suddenly the light went dark. Jenny’s eyes flew open. Although it had been a bright, cloudless day, there was some sort of mist coating the window. Preventing her from seeing out. Jenny stared at it, pulse quickening, then she drew in her breath and leaned closer. It wasn’t mist-that would have been strange enough. But it was something stranger than that. It was ice. Touched by the Frost King, Jenny’s mother used to say back in Pennsylvania when the windows iced up like that. Jenny hadn’t seen it since she was five years old. In those days she’d loved to trace things in the frost with the warmth of her finger†¦ . Something was appearing on the window as if traced by an unseen finger. A letter. L. Jenny couldn’t breathe. Her mouth opened to call for Tom, but no sound came out. I. T. T.L.E†¦. Little. The letters appeared slowly as if a fingertip were tracing them on the icy window. M. I. S. S. M. U. F. F. E. T. S. A. T†¦ . Jenny watched, scalp crawling. She couldn’t seem to make herself move. It was too strange, to be sitting here in daylight and seeing something that simply couldn’t happen. 0. N. A. T. U. F. F. E. T. E. A. T. I. N. G. H. E. R†¦. It’s me, Jenny thought, gripped by an irrational certainty. This time it’s me he’s after. I’m Miss Muffet. C. U. R. D. S. A. N. D. W. H. E. Y. A. L. O. N. G†¦. Still unable to move, Jenny’s eyes shifted upward. A spider. She was afraid of spiders, and crickets, and all crawly, jumpy things. She expected to see a thread descending from the ceiling, but there was nothing. C. A. M. E. A. S. P. I. D. E. R. A. N. D. S. A. T. D. O. W. N. B. E. S. I. D. E. H.E.R____ The Spider. The Spider, Jenny thought. Audrey’s car. â€Å"Tom,† she whispered. And then suddenly she was moving, tearing her eyes from the letters that were still appearing. â€Å"Tom, come here. Tom!† As she ran she almost fell over the footstool where Dee had been sitting earlier. Eating cottage cheese, small curd. Curds and whey. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 12, Essay examples

E-Cash Payment free essay sample

E-cash payment system With the onset of the Information Age, our nation is becoming increasingly dependent upon network communications. Computer-based technology is significantly impacting our ability to access, store, and distribute information. Among the most important uses of this technology is electronic commerce: performing financial transactions via electronic information exchanged over telecommunications lines. Most electronic commerce involves the exchange of money for goods or services . A key requirement for electronic commerce is the development of secure and efficient electronic payment systems. The need for security is highlighted by the rise of the Internet, which promises to be a leading medium for future electronic commerce. Electronic payment systems come in many forms including digital checks, debit cards, credit cards, and stored value cards. The most popular consumer electronic transfers are automated payments of auto loans, insurance payments, mortgage payments made from consumer’s checking accounts. The usual security features for such systems are privacy (protection from eavesdropping), authenticity (provides user identification and message integrity), and no repudiation (prevention of later denying having performed a transaction). We will write a custom essay sample on E-Cash Payment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The type of electronic payment system focused on in this paper is electronic cash. As the name implies, electronic cash is an attempt to construct an electronic payment system modeled after our paper cash system. Paper cash has such features as being: portable (easily carried), recognizable (as legal tender) hence readily acceptable, transferable (without involvement of the financial network), untraceable (no record of where money is spent), anonymous (no record of who spent the money) and has the ability to make change. The designers of electronic cash focused on preserving the features of intractability and anonymity. Thus, electronic cash is defined to be an electronic payment system that provides, in addition to the above security features, the properties of user anonymity and payment intractability